Contents
Digital
India Act, 2023 (DIA)
Information Economics & Information Economy
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
Information Society – Definitions & Perspectives
Types of Knowledge
Chilling Effect
Digital Reference Services
Information Security (CIA Triad)
Imperial Library Act 1902
Delivery of Books & Newspapers Act, 1954
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
IT (Amendment) Act, 2008
Patent Act, 1970
Nonverbal Communication Elements
Communication Models
Communication Theories
Governance & Policy
Plagiarism Definitions
Plagiarism detection tools
1. Copyleaks
2. Noplag
3. Plag Tracker
4. iThenticate
Visual Comparison
Copyright Act Key Sections
Other Notable Sections
Digital India Act, 2023 (DIA)
·
Purpose: Modern legal framework for India’s
digital ecosystem
·
Aligned with: ‘Digital India’ initiative
·
Governing Body: Ministry of Electronics and IT
(MeitY)
Key Components:
·
Open Internet
o Choice,
competition, fair market access
o Prevents power
concentration & gatekeeping
·
Online Safety & Trust
o Protects against
cyber threats (revenge porn, defamation, cyberbullying)
o Safeguards minors'
data & digital rights
·
Accountable Internet
o Legal redressal
mechanisms
o Algorithmic
transparency & periodic risk assessments
o Upholds
constitutional rights
Information
Economics & Information Economy
·
Relevance for LIS Professionals:
1. Reinforces role
of information & knowledge in economic growth
2. Expands job
opportunities in other sectors
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
·
Enactment:
o Introduced in 2005
o Presidential
assent: 15 June 2005
o Enforced: 12
October 2005
·
Key Features:
o Ensures timely
response to citizen queries
o 2 schedules in the Act
o First RTI
application filed by Shahid Raza Burney
o First country to pass
RTI: Sweden
o Mazdoor Kisan
Shakti Sangathan pivotal in passage
Section 18(1) –
Grounds for Complaint
·
No appointed Public Information Officer (PIO/APIO)
·
Denial of information
·
No response within stipulated time
·
Unreasonable fees
·
Incomplete/misleading/false information
·
Any other grievance related to
RTI requests
Information
Society – Definitions & Perspectives
Blaise Cronin
·
Definition:
o Labor is intellectualized (not
physical)
o "Earning bread
by sweat" becomes outdated
·
Evolution:
o Started as a sociological
construct → futurologists’ jargon → media
cliché → now economically & politically recognized
Manfred Kochen
·
Core Idea:
o Society where information
flows dominate over material exchanges
·
Key Features:
1. Knowledge
generation via knowledge-intensive processes
2. Information
reflects social invariants (stable patterns)
3. Conflicts managed
by reason & human values (not power/expediency)
Martin’s View
·
Definition:
o Society where quality
of life, economic growth, and social change depend
on information & its use
·
Impact Areas:
o Living standards
o Work & leisure
patterns
o Education system
o Marketplace
Branscomb’s
Perspective
·
Definition:
o Majority engaged
in creating, gathering, storing, processing, or distributing
information
Types of Knowledge
Explicit Knowledge
·
Definition:
o Easily articulated,
documented, and shared
·
Characteristics:
o Structured,
systematic, and conscious
o Formed from processed
& organized data
·
Examples:
o Manuals, databases,
reports, textbooks
Tacit Knowledge
·
Definition:
o Personal,
experiential, hard to formalize
·
Characteristics:
o Subjective,
informal, influenced by beliefs/values
o Abstract
& intuitive
·
Examples:
o Learning a language
o Leadership skills
o Innovation &
creativity
o Aesthetic sense
Semi-Tacit
Knowledge
·
Definition:
o Partially codified but still
relies on experience
·
Example:
o Employee’s
understanding of documented but experience-based job processes
Predictive
Knowledge
·
Definition:
o Forecasting
outcomes using patterns/data analysis
·
Example:
o Weather prediction by
meteorologists
Chilling Effect
Definition:
·
Inhibition of legal rights (e.g., free speech) due to
fear of legal consequences.
Nature:
·
Hinders lawful activities through self-censorship.
Causes:
·
Legal actions (laws, court rulings,
lawsuits).
·
Fear of repercussions (libel suits,
SLAPPs).
Key Terms:
·
Libel Chill: Fear of defamation lawsuits
silencing speech.
·
SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against
Public Participation):
o Lawsuits aimed
at intimidation, not legal victory.
Digital Reference
Services
Asynchronous:
·
Delayed response (email, web forms).
·
No real-time interaction.
Synchronous:
·
Real-time interaction (video calls,
chatbots).
·
Examples: Zoom, WhatsApp, AI librarians.
Isochronous
Communication:
·
Hybrid of async/sync.
·
Fixed time intervals between
transmissions (e.g., VoIP).
·
Benefits: Low overhead, high speed.
·
Requirement: Precision clocking devices.
Information
Security (CIA Triad)
Confidentiality:
·
Protection from unauthorized access (e.g.,
password leaks).
Integrity:
·
Data accuracy (e.g., authorized edits only).
Availability:
·
Accessible when needed (e.g.,
preventing DDoS attacks).
Holistic Approach:
·
Combines people, processes, technology.
Imperial Library Act
1902
·
Formation:
o Amalgamated Calcutta Public Library + Secretariat libraries (1891).
·
Key Figures:
o Lord Curzon (Viceroy)
enacted the 1902
Act based on Registration
of Books Act, 1867.
·
Renaming:
o Imperial Library →
National Library (1948 via Imperial
Library (Change of Name) Act).
Delivery of Books
& Newspapers Act, 1954
·
Purpose:
o Mandates publishers to
deposit copies in 4
libraries:
1.
National Library, Kolkata
2.
Connemara Public Library, Chennai
3.
Central Library, Mumbai
4.
Delhi Public Library
·
Amendments:
o 1956: Included newspapers & serials.
Right to Information
(RTI) Act, 2005
·
Timeline:
o Passed: 15 June 2005 | Enforced: 12 Oct
2005.
·
Key Features:
o Ensures timely government response to
citizen queries.
o 2 schedules in the Act.
·
History:
o First RTI application: Shahid Raza Burney.
o First country: Sweden.
o Key Advocate: Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan.
IT (Amendment) Act, 2008
·
Objective:
o Updated IT Act 2000 to
enhance cybersecurity, e-governance,
and e-commerce.
·
Administered by: CERT-In (Indian
Computer Emergency Response Team).
·
Key Additions:
o Cyber Appellate
Tribunal for appeals.
o Aligns with Indian Penal Code.
Patent Act, 1970
·
Key Terms:
o Invention (Sec 2(j)): New
product/process with industrial
applicability.
o New Invention (Sec 2(l)):
Not publicly known before
filing.
·
Offices:
o Headquarters: Kolkata | Patent Information System:
Nagpur.
·
PHOSITA (Person
Having Ordinary Skill in the Art):
o Fictional benchmark to
assess non-obviousness of
inventions.
Nonverbal
Communication Elements
Signs
·
Definition: Specific gestures/movements conveying meaning.
·
Nature: Can be intentional/unintentional,
culturally influenced.
Symbols
·
Definition: Represent abstract
concepts (e.g., traffic signs, religious symbols).
·
Nature: Cross-cultural understanding.
Codes
·
Definition: Systems to encode/decode information
(e.g., body language).
Color
·
Role: Conveys emotions/messages (e.g., red = danger/passion; green =
growth).
Communication Models
Davis Foulger’s Ecological Model (2004)
·
Key Constructs:
o People (creators/consumers)
↔ Messages ↔ Language ↔ Media.
·
Core Idea:
o Communication occurs at
the intersection of
these constructs.
o Languages/media
are learned &
created.
Westley & Maclean’s Model
·
Unique Feature: Starts with environment
(X), not sender.
·
9 Components:
1.
Environment (X)
2.
Sensory experience (X’)
3.
Sender (A)
4.
Sender’s orientation (X₂)
5.
Receiver (B)
6.
Receiver’s orientation (X₃)
7.
Feedback (F)
8.
Gatekeepers (C)
9.
Opinion leaders.
Lasswell’s Model (1948)
·
Focus: Linear
transmission ("Who says what to whom via which
channel with what effect").
·
5 Questions:
1.
Who? (Sender)
2.
Says what? (Message)
3.
In which channel? (Medium)
4.
To whom? (Receiver)
5.
With what effect? (Outcome).
DeVito’s Interactive Model
·
8 Components:
1.
Sender & Receiver
2.
Message
3.
Channel
4.
Encoder/Decoder
5.
Context
6.
Feedback
7.
Noise.
·
Key Additions: Feedback and noise as dynamic
elements.
Communication
Theories
Rhetorical Theory
·
Origin: Sicily (Corax’s The
Art of Rhetoric for land disputes).
·
Scope:
o Intrapersonal →
Interpersonal → Public/Social/Mediated discourse.
o Includes nonverbal/visual elements.
·
Core Idea: All symbol use has persuasive effects.
Semiotic Theory (Locke, 1690)
·
Definition: Study of signs/symbols in
communication.
·
Domains:
o Verbal & non-verbal
(e.g., body language, subliminal signals).
·
Key Concepts: Meaning, intention, action.
Phenomenological Theory
·
Focus: Subjective
perception shapes reality/personality.
·
Optimistic: Humans can fulfill potential through interpretation.
Cybernetic Theory (Wiener, 1948)
·
Goal: Control environment via feedback loops.
·
Tools: Language/methods for communication control.
Governance &
Policy
Administrative Reform Commission (ARC)
·
1st ARC (1966): 537 recommendations.
·
2nd ARC (2005): 1,515 recommendations.
·
Purpose: Improve government
efficiency/accountability.
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005
·
Coverage: All constitutional authorities (executive, judiciary,
legislature).
·
Impact: Fights corruption,
ensures transparency.
National Knowledge Commission (NKC)
·
Chair: Sam Pitroda.
·
Goal: Transform India into a knowledge society (education,
libraries, networks).
Information Technology (IT)
·
Hubs: Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai.
·
Domains: Cloud computing, cybersecurity, data analytics.
Plagiarism
Definitions
·
Dictionary.com: Literary
theft (using others’ work as one’s own).
·
Rampola: Uncited use of words/ideas/research.
·
AAUP: Deceptive appropriation of ideas/methods/texts.
·
Colwin & Lancaster: Passing others’ work as original.
·
Park: Academic cheating via uncredited copying.
·
ORI: Theft of intellectual
property or textual
copying.
Plagiarism detection tools
Founders &
Background:
·
Founded: 2015 by Alon Yamin (CEO)
& Yehonatan Bitton (VP R&D).
·
Origin: Developed from Israeli
Defense Forces experience in text analysis (context,
distribution, origin).
·
Focus: Privacy/security-first approach.
Key Features:
·
AI-powered plagiarism detection.
·
Content authenticity verification.
·
Global leader in generative AI content
validation.
Founders &
Background:
·
Founded: 2014 by NY enthusiasts + Ukrainian
developers.
·
Goal: Affordable yet sophisticated plagiarism
tool for educators/students/writers.
Key Features:
·
Fast, accurate, user-friendly.
·
Recent updates for improved performance.
Founders &
Background:
·
Launched: 2011 by Devellar (Ukraine-based).
·
Primary Users: Students, teachers, bloggers,
researchers.
Key Features:
·
Detects "content theft" and fraudulent
repackaging.
·
Top Traffic Sources: USA, India,
Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore.
Founders &
Background:
·
Launched: 2004 by Turnitin, LLC (Oakland,
CA).
·
Target Clients: Publishers, corporations,
governments (e.g., WHO, UN, World Bank).
Key Features:
·
CrossCheck collaboration (won 2008
ALPSP Award).
·
Specialized for academic/professional sectors.
Tool |
Year Founded |
Key Strength |
Primary Users |
Copyleaks |
2015 |
AI/security
focus |
Global,
generative AI users |
Noplag |
2014 |
Affordability
& ease |
Students,
educators |
Plag
Tracker |
2011 |
Content
theft detection |
Asia-centric
users |
iThenticate |
2004 |
Corporate/academic
integration |
Publishers,
governments |
·
Military-grade tech → Copyleaks.
·
Budget-friendly → Noplag.
·
Emerging markets → Plag Tracker.
·
Elite institutions →
iThenticate.
Copyright Act Key Sections
1. Section 30:
Licensing of Copyright
·
Key Provisions:
o Copyright owners
can grant written licenses for existing/future works.
o Future work
licenses only take effect upon creation.
o If licensee dies
before work exists, legal heirs inherit rights (unless
contract states otherwise).
2. Section 29:
Copyright Term for International Organizations
·
Duration:
o 60 years from
year after first publication (applies to works under Section
41).
3. Section 28A:
Copyright Term for Public Undertakings
·
Duration:
o 60 years from
year after first publication (if public undertaking is first
owner).
4. Section 28:
Copyright Term for Government Works
·
Duration:
o 60 years from
year after first publication (if government is first
owner).
Section |
Focus Area |
Key Detail |
27 |
Term of
copyright in sound recordings |
Duration
specifics for audio works. |
21 |
Right
of author to relinquish copyright |
Voluntary
surrender of rights. |
20 |
Transmission
via testamentary disposition |
Copyright
transfer through wills. |
19A |
Disputes
over assignment of copyright |
Resolution
mechanisms for conflicts. |
19 |
Mode of
assignment |
Legal
requirements for valid assignments. |
18 |
Assignment
of copyright |
How
rights can be transferred to others. |
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