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NET Nutshell- 02 | NTA NET Preparation Free Important Topics | Library Science

 

Contents

Digital India Act, 2023 (DIA)

Information Economics & Information Economy

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

Information Society – Definitions & Perspectives

Types of Knowledge

Chilling Effect

Digital Reference Services

Information Security (CIA Triad)

Imperial Library Act 1902

Delivery of Books & Newspapers Act, 1954

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

IT (Amendment) Act, 2008

Patent Act, 1970

Nonverbal Communication Elements

Communication Models

Communication Theories

Governance & Policy

Plagiarism Definitions

Plagiarism detection tools

1. Copyleaks

2. Noplag

3. Plag Tracker

4. iThenticate

Visual Comparison

Copyright Act Key Sections

Other Notable Sections


 

 

Digital India Act, 2023 (DIA)

·         Purpose: Modern legal framework for India’s digital ecosystem

·         Aligned with: ‘Digital India’ initiative

·         Governing Body: Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)

Key Components:

·         Open Internet

o    Choice, competition, fair market access

o    Prevents power concentration & gatekeeping

·         Online Safety & Trust

o    Protects against cyber threats (revenge porn, defamation, cyberbullying)

o    Safeguards minors' data & digital rights

·         Accountable Internet

o    Legal redressal mechanisms

o    Algorithmic transparency & periodic risk assessments

o    Upholds constitutional rights

 Information Economics & Information Economy

·         Relevance for LIS Professionals:

1.    Reinforces role of information & knowledge in economic growth

2.    Expands job opportunities in other sectors

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

·         Enactment:

o    Introduced in 2005

o    Presidential assent: 15 June 2005

o    Enforced: 12 October 2005

·         Key Features:

o    Ensures timely response to citizen queries

o    2 schedules in the Act

o    First RTI application filed by Shahid Raza Burney

o    First country to pass RTI: Sweden

o    Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan pivotal in passage

Section 18(1) – Grounds for Complaint

·         No appointed Public Information Officer (PIO/APIO)

·         Denial of information

·         No response within stipulated time

·         Unreasonable fees

·         Incomplete/misleading/false information

·         Any other grievance related to RTI requests

 Information Society – Definitions & Perspectives

Blaise Cronin

·         Definition:

o    Labor is intellectualized (not physical)

o    "Earning bread by sweat" becomes outdated

·         Evolution:

o    Started as a sociological construct â†’ futurologists’ jargon â†’ media cliché â†’ now economically & politically recognized

Manfred Kochen

·         Core Idea:

o    Society where information flows dominate over material exchanges

·         Key Features:

1.    Knowledge generation via knowledge-intensive processes

2.    Information reflects social invariants (stable patterns)

3.    Conflicts managed by reason & human values (not power/expediency)

Martin’s View

·         Definition:

o    Society where quality of lifeeconomic growth, and social change depend on information & its use

·         Impact Areas:

o    Living standards

o    Work & leisure patterns

o    Education system

o    Marketplace

Branscomb’s Perspective

·         Definition:

o    Majority engaged in creating, gathering, storing, processing, or distributing information

Types of Knowledge

Explicit Knowledge

·         Definition:

o    Easily articulated, documented, and shared

·         Characteristics:

o    Structured, systematic, and conscious

o    Formed from processed & organized data

·         Examples:

o    Manuals, databases, reports, textbooks

Tacit Knowledge

·         Definition:

o    Personal, experiential, hard to formalize

·         Characteristics:

o    Subjective, informal, influenced by beliefs/values

o    Abstract & intuitive

·         Examples:

o    Learning a language

o    Leadership skills

o    Innovation & creativity

o    Aesthetic sense

Semi-Tacit Knowledge

·         Definition:

o    Partially codified but still relies on experience

·         Example:

o    Employee’s understanding of documented but experience-based job processes

Predictive Knowledge

·         Definition:

o    Forecasting outcomes using patterns/data analysis

·         Example:

o    Weather prediction by meteorologists

Chilling Effect

Definition:

·         Inhibition of legal rights (e.g., free speech) due to fear of legal consequences.

Nature:

·         Hinders lawful activities through self-censorship.

Causes:

·         Legal actions (laws, court rulings, lawsuits).

·         Fear of repercussions (libel suits, SLAPPs).

Key Terms:

·         Libel Chill: Fear of defamation lawsuits silencing speech.

·         SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation):

o    Lawsuits aimed at intimidation, not legal victory.

Digital Reference Services

Asynchronous:

·         Delayed response (email, web forms).

·         No real-time interaction.

Synchronous:

·         Real-time interaction (video calls, chatbots).

·         Examples: Zoom, WhatsApp, AI librarians.

Isochronous Communication:

·         Hybrid of async/sync.

·         Fixed time intervals between transmissions (e.g., VoIP).

·         Benefits: Low overhead, high speed.

·         Requirement: Precision clocking devices.

 

 Information Security (CIA Triad)

Confidentiality:

·         Protection from unauthorized access (e.g., password leaks).

Integrity:

·         Data accuracy (e.g., authorized edits only).

Availability:

·         Accessible when needed (e.g., preventing DDoS attacks).

Holistic Approach:

·         Combines peopleprocessestechnology.

 

Imperial Library Act 1902

·         Formation:

o    Amalgamated Calcutta Public Library + Secretariat libraries (1891).

·         Key Figures:

o    Lord Curzon (Viceroy) enacted the 1902 Act based on Registration of Books Act, 1867.

·         Renaming:

o    Imperial Library → National Library (1948 via Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act).

Delivery of Books & Newspapers Act, 1954

·         Purpose:

o    Mandates publishers to deposit copies in 4 libraries:

1.    National Library, Kolkata

2.    Connemara Public Library, Chennai

3.    Central Library, Mumbai

4.    Delhi Public Library

·         Amendments:

o    1956: Included newspapers & serials.

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

·         Timeline:

o    Passed: 15 June 2005 | Enforced: 12 Oct 2005.

·         Key Features:

o    Ensures timely government response to citizen queries.

o    2 schedules in the Act.

·         History:

o    First RTI application: Shahid Raza Burney.

o    First country: Sweden.

o    Key AdvocateMazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan.

IT (Amendment) Act, 2008

·         Objective:

o    Updated IT Act 2000 to enhance cybersecuritye-governance, and e-commerce.

·         Administered byCERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team).

·         Key Additions:

o    Cyber Appellate Tribunal for appeals.

o    Aligns with Indian Penal Code.

Patent Act, 1970

·         Key Terms:

o    Invention (Sec 2(j)): New product/process with industrial applicability.

o    New Invention (Sec 2(l)): Not publicly known before filing.

·         Offices:

o    Headquarters: Kolkata | Patent Information System: Nagpur.

·         PHOSITA (Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art):

o    Fictional benchmark to assess non-obviousness of inventions.

 

Nonverbal Communication Elements

Signs

·         Definition: Specific gestures/movements conveying meaning.

·         Nature: Can be intentional/unintentional, culturally influenced.

Symbols

·         Definition: Represent abstract concepts (e.g., traffic signs, religious symbols).

·         NatureCross-cultural understanding.

Codes

·         Definition: Systems to encode/decode information (e.g., body language).

Color

·         Role: Conveys emotions/messages (e.g., red = danger/passion; green = growth).

Communication Models

Davis Foulger’s Ecological Model (2004)

·         Key Constructs:

o    People (creators/consumers) ↔ Messages â†” Language â†” Media.

·         Core Idea:

o    Communication occurs at the intersection of these constructs.

o    Languages/media are learned & created.

Westley & Maclean’s Model

·         Unique Feature: Starts with environment (X), not sender.

·         9 Components:

1.    Environment (X)

2.    Sensory experience (X’)

3.    Sender (A)

4.    Sender’s orientation (Xâ‚‚)

5.    Receiver (B)

6.    Receiver’s orientation (X₃)

7.    Feedback (F)

8.    Gatekeepers (C)

9.    Opinion leaders.

Lasswell’s Model (1948)

·         FocusLinear transmission ("Who says what to whom via which channel with what effect").

·         5 Questions:

1.    Who? (Sender)

2.    Says what? (Message)

3.    In which channel? (Medium)

4.    To whom? (Receiver)

5.    With what effect? (Outcome).

DeVito’s Interactive Model

·         8 Components:

1.    Sender & Receiver

2.    Message

3.    Channel

4.    Encoder/Decoder

5.    Context

6.    Feedback

7.    Noise.

·         Key AdditionsFeedback and noise as dynamic elements.

Communication Theories

Rhetorical Theory

·         Origin: Sicily (Corax’s The Art of Rhetoric for land disputes).

·         Scope:

o    Intrapersonal → Interpersonal → Public/Social/Mediated discourse.

o    Includes nonverbal/visual elements.

·         Core Idea: All symbol use has persuasive effects.

Semiotic Theory (Locke, 1690)

·         Definition: Study of signs/symbols in communication.

·         Domains:

o    Verbal & non-verbal (e.g., body language, subliminal signals).

·         Key Concepts: Meaning, intention, action.

Phenomenological Theory

·         FocusSubjective perception shapes reality/personality.

·         Optimistic: Humans can fulfill potential through interpretation.

Cybernetic Theory (Wiener, 1948)

·         Goal: Control environment via feedback loops.

·         Tools: Language/methods for communication control.

Governance & Policy

Administrative Reform Commission (ARC)

·         1st ARC (1966): 537 recommendations.

·         2nd ARC (2005): 1,515 recommendations.

·         Purpose: Improve government efficiency/accountability.

Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005

·         Coverage: All constitutional authorities (executive, judiciary, legislature).

·         Impact: Fights corruption, ensures transparency.

National Knowledge Commission (NKC)

·         Chair: Sam Pitroda.

·         Goal: Transform India into a knowledge society (education, libraries, networks).

Information Technology (IT)

·         Hubs: Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai.

·         Domains: Cloud computing, cybersecurity, data analytics.

Plagiarism Definitions

·         Dictionary.comLiterary theft (using others’ work as one’s own).

·         Rampola: Uncited use of words/ideas/research.

·         AAUP: Deceptive appropriation of ideas/methods/texts.

·         Colwin & Lancaster: Passing others’ work as original.

·         Park: Academic cheating via uncredited copying.

·         ORI: Theft of intellectual property or textual copying.

Plagiarism detection tools

1. Copyleaks

Founders & Background:

·         Founded: 2015 by Alon Yamin (CEO) & Yehonatan Bitton (VP R&D).

·         Origin: Developed from Israeli Defense Forces experience in text analysis (context, distribution, origin).

·         FocusPrivacy/security-first approach.

Key Features:

·         AI-powered plagiarism detection.

·         Content authenticity verification.

·         Global leader in generative AI content validation.

2. Noplag

Founders & Background:

·         Founded: 2014 by NY enthusiasts + Ukrainian developers.

·         Goal: Affordable yet sophisticated plagiarism tool for educators/students/writers.

Key Features:

·         Fast, accurate, user-friendly.

·         Recent updates for improved performance.

3. Plag Tracker

Founders & Background:

·         Launched: 2011 by Devellar (Ukraine-based).

·         Primary Users: Students, teachers, bloggers, researchers.

Key Features:

·         Detects "content theft" and fraudulent repackaging.

·         Top Traffic Sources: USA, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore.

4. iThenticate

Founders & Background:

·         Launched: 2004 by Turnitin, LLC (Oakland, CA).

·         Target Clients: Publishers, corporations, governments (e.g., WHO, UN, World Bank).

Key Features:

·         CrossCheck collaboration (won 2008 ALPSP Award).

·         Specialized for academic/professional sectors.

Visual Comparison

Tool

Year Founded

Key Strength

Primary Users

Copyleaks

2015

AI/security focus

Global, generative AI users

Noplag

2014

Affordability & ease

Students, educators

Plag Tracker

2011

Content theft detection

Asia-centric users

iThenticate

2004

Corporate/academic integration

Publishers, governments

·         Military-grade tech â†’ Copyleaks.

·         Budget-friendly â†’ Noplag.

·         Emerging markets â†’ Plag Tracker.

·         Elite institutions â†’ iThenticate.

 

Copyright Act Key Sections

1. Section 30: Licensing of Copyright

·         Key Provisions:

o    Copyright owners can grant written licenses for existing/future works.

o    Future work licenses only take effect upon creation.

o    If licensee dies before work exists, legal heirs inherit rights (unless contract states otherwise).

2. Section 29: Copyright Term for International Organizations

·         Duration:

o    60 years from year after first publication (applies to works under Section 41).

3. Section 28A: Copyright Term for Public Undertakings

·         Duration:

o    60 years from year after first publication (if public undertaking is first owner).

4. Section 28: Copyright Term for Government Works

·         Duration:

o    60 years from year after first publication (if government is first owner).


Other Notable Sections

Section

Focus Area

Key Detail

27

Term of copyright in sound recordings

Duration specifics for audio works.

21

Right of author to relinquish copyright

Voluntary surrender of rights.

20

Transmission via testamentary disposition

Copyright transfer through wills.

19A

Disputes over assignment of copyright

Resolution mechanisms for conflicts.

19

Mode of assignment

Legal requirements for valid assignments.

18

Assignment of copyright

How rights can be transferred to others.

 

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