NET Nutshell- 01 | NTA NET Preparation Free Important Topics | Library Science

G Success for Better Future 0

 

Contents

  1. Key Digital Preservation & Open Access Initiatives
  2. Digital Access, Legal Consent, and Research Platforms
  3. DOI, International DOI Foundation (IDF), and Digitization
  4. Library Digitization Tools & Open Access Platforms
  5. Distributed Digital Library Architectures & Information Lifecycle
  6. Semantic Web – Tim Berners-Lee's Vision
  7. Semantic Web Architecture – Layered Model
  8. Digital Library Initiatives
  9. Data & Content Identification Technologies
  10. Quick Mnemonics for Semantic Web Architecture Layers
  11. Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation
  12. Reference Management Tools & Related Organizations
  13. Reference Management Tools
  14.  Reference Management Tools Related Organizations and Databases
  15. QR Code Structure and Functions

 

 Key Digital Preservation & Open Access Initiatives

Topic

Key Points

PREMIS
(Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies)

 Sponsored by OCLC & RLG (2003–2005)
 Data Dictionary + XML schema (v2 in 2008)
 Maintained by Library of Congress

PREMIS Entities

1. Intellectual Entities – Conceptual content
2. Objects – Files/bitstreams
3. Events – Actions like migration
4. Rights – IP & access control
5. Agents – People/tools for preservation

ArXiv.org

 Founded: 1991 by Paul Ginsparg
 Fields: Physics, CS, Math, etc.
 Hosted at Cornell Univ.
 35,000 submissions/year
 2M hits/week
 Indian mirror: IMSc, Chennai
 Pioneer in Open Access

Subversive Proposal

 Author: Stevan Harnad (1994)
 Urged free online archiving
 Discussed at NSC, London
 Led to: CogPrints (1997), AmSci Forum (1998), Budapest OA Initiative

Open Archives Initiative (OAI)

 Founders: Van de Sompel, Lagoze, Nelson, Warner
 Focus: Interoperability, metadata standards
 Specs: OAI-PMH, OAI-ORE, ResourceSync
 Boosted open access & metadata harvesting

Project Gutenberg (PG)

 Founded: 1971 by Michael Hart
 Goal: Digitize/archive cultural works
 Free eBooks in open formats
 50,000+ items (as of 2015)
 Linked to Distributed Proofreaders
 Named after Johannes Gutenberg

 

Digital Access, Legal Consent, and Research Platforms

Topic

Key Details

Browsewrap

 Passive user consent (by browsing only)
 Terms linked (e.g., at page bottom)
 Less legally enforceable

Clickwrap

 Active consent (e.g., "I Agree" button)
 Often used during sign-ups
 More legally binding

ATREE (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment)

 Founded: 1996
 Focus: Environment, sustainability, climate change, biodiversity
 Supports policy & grassroots development
 Also trains future scholars

JSTOR

 Full form: Journal Storage
 Founded: 1994 by William G. Bowen
 Content: Journals, books, primary sources
 Provides full-text & open-access content
 Used by universities, libraries, museums

NOPR (CSIR-NISCPR Online Periodicals Repository)

 Free access to 17 CSIR research journals
 >15,766 articles
 Searchable by title, author, keywords, etc.

Krishikosh

Digital repository by ICAR for NARES
 >270,000 items, incl. 180,000+ theses
 Users: Mostly aged 25–34 (researchers/students)
 High international traffic (top: India, US, Sudan)

Manupatra

 India’s leading legal research database
 Launched in 2001
 Content: Supreme/High Court judgments, statutes, tribunal orders
 International content: Bangladesh, HK, SA, etc.
 Also includes e-books, bills, reports

 

DOI, International DOI Foundation (IDF), and Digitization

Topic

Key Points

International DOI Foundation (IDF)

 Established: 1998 (Non-profit)
 Governs: DOI system globally
Manages DOI registries
 ISO Registration Authority (ISO 26324)
Supports sectors: Research, Entertainment, Standards, etc.

ISO Standard for DOI → ISO 26324
DOI System Core → Handle System (Prefix/Suffix)

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

 Unique alphanumeric string for digital objects
 Persistent access & citation link
 Standardized by ISO 26324
 Based on Handle System (prefix/suffix format)
 Case-insensitive, supports Unicode
 Extensively used for academic & professional publications

DOI Structure

 Prefix: Indicates registrant (e.g., publisher)
 Suffix: Identifies specific object (e.g., article)
 Format: 10.xxxx/abc123

DOI Applications

 Journal articles, datasets, reports, official publications
 Also used in commercial content like videos

Digitization

 Converts physical content (books, images, audio, video) into digital form
 Basic Unit: Bit
 Common Methods: Scanning, OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

Steps in Digitization

1. Scanning
2. Indexing (INDO indexing)
3. Storing
4. Retrieving


Library Digitization Tools & Open Access Platforms

Topic

Key Points

Retrospective Conversion

🔹 Converts manual/paper-based catalogs to digital format
🔹 Involves scanning, digitizing, cataloging
🔹 Aids preservation & remote access
🔹 Supports library automation and digital libraries
🔹 Requires metadata standards & specialized software

Mendeley vs Zotero

Mendeley:
🔸 Platforms: Desktop, Web, Mobile
🔸 Support: Chat, blog, guides
🔸 Offers reference filtering
Zotero:
🔸 Platforms: Desktop, Browser extension
🔸 Support: FAQ-based
 Both offer reference formatting

OpenDOAR

🔹 Global directory of open-access repositories
🔹 Launched: 2005 (Nottingham & Lund Universities)
🔹 Funded by OSI, Jisc, SPARC Europe, CURL
🔹 Maintained by: SHERPA, Univ. of Nottingham
🔹 Japan: 2nd largest contributor country
🔹 Recognized along with ROAR

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)

🔹 Launched in 2003 with 300 journals
🔹 Curated catalog of open-access journals
🔹 Managed by IS4OA
🔹 Promotes scholarly open access publishing

JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee)

🔹 Formed: 1 April 1993 (UK Higher Ed. Funding bodies)
🔹 Origin: ISC & Computer Board
🔹 Expanded in 1995 (N. Ireland), 1999 (Further Ed. bodies)
🔹 Supports digital infrastructure in UK education sector
  • OpenDOAR → Directory of Repositories
  • DOAJ → Directory of Journals
  • Mendeley vs Zotero → Platform reach & support system differences
  • Retrospective Conversion → Digitizing past catalog records

 

Distributed Digital Library Architectures & Information Lifecycle

Concept

Key Features

Kahn-Wilensky Architecture (1995)

🔸 Framework for distributed digital libraries
🔸 Emphasized naming conventions for digital object identification and location
🔸 Foundational model for accessing content over networks

CRADDL (Cornell)

🔹 Component-based architecture with 5 services:
1️ Repository Service – Storage & access
2️ Naming Service – Assigns URNs
3️ Indexing Service – Enables search
4️Collection Service – Aggregates content
5️ User Interface Services – UI for users

CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture)

🔸 Platform-independent middleware
🔸 Based on object-oriented & client-server tech
🔸 Used in Infobus Project (Stanford)
🔸 Facilitates distributed, interoperable services across systems

UMDL (University of Michigan Digital Library)

 Software Agent-Based Architecture
Types of agents:
▪ UIA (User Interface Agent) – Manages user access & profiles
▪ CIA (Collection Interface Agent) – Handles collection metadata & access
▪ MA (Mediation Agent) – Coordinates agent activities & maintains logs/stats

  • 5 Stages of Information Lifecycle

  • Acquisition/Creation – Data input, accuracy, source verification
  • Storage & Maintenance – Secure storage, cloud/on-premise, backup
  • Processing & Use – Data analytics, sharing, confidentiality
  •  Disposition – Retention/disposal schedules, compliance
  •  Archival – Long-term preservation, legal/audit readiness, storage efficiency

📌 Fast Facts for Exam MCQs

  • Kahn-Wilensky → Naming + Identification in Digital Libraries
  • CRADDL → Cornell + 5 Component Services
  • CORBA → Middleware + Platform-independent + Infobus
  • UMDL Agents → UIA (User) | CIA (Collection) | MA (Mediator)
  • Information Lifecycle → A-S-P-D-A (Acquisition → Archival)

 

Semantic Web – Tim Berners-Lee's Vision

Aspect

Details

Definition

“An extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.”

Semantics

Study of meaning in language/symbols. Semantic Web = Meaningful Web Data

Purpose

Make web content machine-readable and interoperable

 Semantic Web Architecture – Layered Model

Layer (Bottom to Top)

Function

1. Unicode & URI

Standard text encoding and resource identifiers

2. XML

Describes data in nested structures

3. RDF

Triples (Subject–Predicate–Object); foundation of semantic data

4. Ontology (OWL)

Formal representation of concepts and relationships

5. RIF / SWRL

Rule languages for logic and reasoning

6. SPARQL

Query language for RDF data

7. Logic / Proof / Trust

Logic engines to infer new knowledge; build trust

8. UI Layer

Interface for end-users

 Digital Library Initiatives

Project

Details

Google Books Library Project

Digitizes major research library collections; started in 2004

DLF (Digital Library Federation)

Founded 1995; network of institutions using digital tech for extending services

Million Book Project

Launched by CMU in 2002; goal: digitize 1 million books for free access

Web Library Project

Not a significant or widely recognized initiative

 

 Data & Content Identification Technologies

Technology

Key Features

Barcode

Optical, machine-readable, requires line-of-sight

RFID

Uses radio waves; works without line-of-sight; tolerates misalignment

Flickering Tech

Secure display method to prevent screen capture/scraping

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Unique ID for digital content (papers, datasets, media); managed by CrossRef, DataCite

 

Quick Mnemonics for Semantic Web Architecture Layers

U-X-R-O-R-S-L-U:

  • Unicode
  • XML
  • RDF
  • OWL
  • RIF / SWRL
  • SPARQL
  • Logic/Trust
  • User Interface

Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation

Aspect

Details

Project Name

Centre of Excellence for Digital Preservation

Under

National Digital Preservation Programme (NDPP)

Ministry

Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Govt. of India

Managed By

Human-Centred Design & Computing Group, C-DAC Pune

Objective

Promote standards, research, and capacity-building in digital preservation

 

 Reference Management Tools & Related Organizations

Reference Management Tools

Tool / Organization

Type

Key Functions / Contributions

Ownership / Affiliation

Additional Info

Mendeley

Reference Management Tool

Reference management, PDF organization, collaboration, academic social network

Elsevier (acquired in 2013)

Desktop, web, and mobile versions available

Zotero

Reference Management Tool

Reference management, citation generation, browser integration, group libraries

Independent (Open-source)

Community-driven, widely used in academia

EndNote

Reference Management Tool

Citation styles, bibliography creation, journal formatting

Clarivate (formerly by Thomson Reuters)

Desktop + online version; popular in medical and STM research

RefWorks

Reference Management Tool

Web-based tool for organizing references and sharing with collaborators

ProQuest

Institutional subscription usually required

Citavi

Reference Management Tool

Combines reference management with task planning and knowledge organization

Swiss Academic Software

Especially popular in Germany

JabRef

Reference Management Tool

Open-source tool for BibTeX management for LaTeX users

Community-based

Tailored for researchers using LaTeX

 Reference Management Tools Related Organizations and Databases

Organization

Role / Product

Contribution / Product

Elsevier

Academic Publisher

Owns Mendeley, publishes journals, and provides tools like Scopus

Springer

Academic Publisher

Publishes scientific journals, books, and e-books

Thomson Reuters

Information Service Provider

Formerly managed Web of Science and EndNote (now Clarivate)

Clarivate Analytics

Analytics Company

Now manages Web of Science and EndNote

ProQuest

Research Database Provider

Owns RefWorks and offers access to dissertations, theses, and journals

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Professional Society

Publishes chemistry journals but does not develop reference tools

 

 

QR Code Structure and Functions

Feature

Explanation

Full Form

Quick Response Code

Data Format

Binary (0–1) in a pixel-based square grid

Reading Directions

Top-to-bottom and right-to-left → allows higher data capacity

Position Detection Pattern

Located at 3 corners (top-left, top-right, bottom-left)

Role of Position Patterns

Determines size, orientation, and angle of QR code for accurate scanning

Orientation Handling

QR code can be scanned from any direction (even if upside down)

Not Handled by Position Pattern

Error correction, data encoding—managed by other QR code components

 

 

Tags

Post a Comment

Post a Comment

Previous Post Next Post